blubber

1 an insulating layer of fat under the skin of whales and other large marine mammals; used as a source of oil

2 excess bodily weight; "she found fatness disgusting in herself as well as in others" [syn: fatness, fat, avoirdupois] [ant: leanness]

1 cry or whine with snuffling; "Stop snivelling--you got yourself into this mess!" [syn: snivel, sniffle, blub, snuffle]

2 utter while crying [syn: blubber out]

English

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -ʌbə(r)

Noun

1. A fatty layer of adipose tissue found immediately beneath the epidermis.
2. Fatty tissue.
3. The thick coat of fat worn by many arctic animals, such as sea lions, and antarctic animals, such as penguins; used to insulate warmth in the animal's body.

Verb

1. To make noises while crying.

This article is about the body tissue. For the Judy Blume novel, see Blubber (novel)

For the fictional bear called Blubber, see Wacky Races

Blubber is a thick layer of vascularized fat found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians.

Description

Lipid-rich, collagen fiber-laced blubber comprises the hypodermis and covers the whole body, except for parts of the appendages, strongly attached to the musculature and skeleton by highly organized, fan-shaped networks of tendons and ligaments. It can comprise up to 50% of the body mass of some marine mammals

Function

Blubber serves several different functions. it is the primary location of fat on some mammals, and is essential for storing energy. It is particularly important for species which feed and breed in different parts of the ocean. During these periods the species are operating on a fat-based metabolism. Recent research also shows that blubber may save further energy for marine mammals such as dolphins in that it adds bounce to a dolphin's swim.

Blubber is, however, different from other forms of adipose tissue in its extra thickness, which allows it to serve as an efficient thermal insulator, making blubber essential for thermoregulation. Blubber is also more vascularized, or rich in blood vessels, than other adipose tissue.

Blubber has advantages over fur (as in Sea Otters) in the respect that although fur can retain heat by holding pockets of air, the air pockets will be expelled under pressure (while diving). Blubber, however, does not compress under pressure. It is effective enough that some whales can dwell in temperatures as low as -40 degrees Fahrenheit. While diving in cold water, blood vessels covering the blubber constrict and decrease blood flow, thus increasing blubber's efficiency as an insulator.

Blubber can also aid in buoyancy, and acts to streamline the body because the highly organized, complex collagenous network supports the non-circular cross sections characteristic of cetaceans.

Research into the thermal conductivity of the common bottlenose dolphin's blubber reveals that its thickness varies greatly amongst individuals. However, blubber from emaciated dolphins is a much worse of an insulator than that of non-pregnant adults, which in turn have a higher heat conductivity than blubber from pregnant females and pre-adults.

Human Influences

Uses

Muktuk, (the Inuit/Eskimo word for blubber) formed an important part of the traditional diets of the Inuit and other northernly peoples because of its high energy value. Diets high in blubber from sea mammals have a preventative effect on cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. Seal blubber has large amounts of Vitamin E, selenium, and other anti-oxidants that hinder oxidation, which slows the formation of the free radicals that start a wide variety of diseases. The positive effects of consuming blubber can be seen in Greenland; in Uummannaq for example, a hunting district with 3000 residents, no deaths due to cardiovascular diseases occurred in the 1970's. However, emigrants to Denmark have contracted the same diseases as the rest of the population. The average 70-year-old Inuit with a traditional diet of whale and seal has arteries as elastic as that of a 20-year-old Danish resident.

One of the major reasons for the whaling trade was the collection of whale blubber. This was rendered down into oil in try pots or later, in vats on factory ships. The oil could be then used in the manufacture of soap, leather, and cosmetics. Whale oil was also used in candles as wax, and in oil lamps as fuel.

Blue whales can yield blubber harvests up to 50 tons.

Toxicity

Recent studies suggest that blubber contains naturally occurring PCB, which are cancer causing and damage the human nervous, immune and reproductive systems. . It is not known where the source of this PCB is. Since toothed whales typically place high on the food chain, they are bound to consume large amounts of industrial pollutants. Even baleen whales, by merit of the huge amount of food they consume, are bound to have toxic chemicals stored in their bodies. Recent studies have found high levels of mercury in the blubber of seals of the Canadian arctic.

Works Cited

References

See also

• Globster
• Adipose tissue

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